The United States Census is a decennial census A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic. In mandated by the United States Constitution The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the United States. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of the United States of America and the federal government of the United States. It provides the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the.[1] The population is enumerated every 10 years and the results are used to allocate Congressional seats This is a complete list of congressional districts for representation in the United States House of Representatives. The quantity and boundaries (redistricting) of districts are determined after each census, although in some cases states have changed the boundaries more than once per census. This list includes the 435 current and 221 obsolete (congressional apportionment United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are redistributed amongst the 50 states following each constitutionally mandated decennial census. Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50), electoral votes The Electoral College consists of the popularly elected representatives who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States. Since 1964, there have been 538 electors in each presidential election. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution specifies how many electors each state is entitled to have and that each state', and government program funding.[2] Some states or local jurisdictions also conduct local censuses A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic. In.

The census is performed by the United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census. It also gathers other national demographic and economic data. As part of the United States Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau serves as a leading source of data about America's people and economy. The first census after the American Revolution The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America. They first rejected the authority of the Parliament of Great Britain to govern them from overseas without was taken in 1790 The United States Census of 1790 was the first Census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 2, 1790. It showed that 3,929,326 people were living in the United States of which 697,681 were slaves, and that the largest cities were New York City with 33,000 inhabitants; Philadelphia, with 28,000; Boston, with 18,000; Charleston,, under Secretary of State The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet and the highest-ranking cabinet secretary both in line of succession and order of precedence. The current Secretary of State is Hillary Rodham Clinton, the 67th person, and third woman Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Jefferson was one of the most influential Founding Fathers, known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States. Jefferson envisioned America as the force behind a great "; there have been 22 federal censuses since that time.[2] The current national census The Twenty-third United States Census, known as Census 2010 or the 2010 Census, is the current national census in the United States. National Census Day was April 1, 2010 and is the point of reference date used in filling out the form is being held in 2010 and the next census is scheduled for 2020. For years between the decennial censuses, the Census Bureau issues estimates made using surveys and statistical models, in particular, the American Community Survey The American Community Survey is a project of the U.S. Census Bureau that replaces the long form in the decennial census. It is an ongoing statistical survey, sent to approximately 250,000 addresses monthly, and thus more current than information obtained by the long form.

Decennial U.S. Census figures are based on actual counts of persons dwelling in U.S. residential structures. They include citizens, non-citizen legal residents, non-citizen long-term visitors and illegal immigrants Immigration is the introduction of new people into a habitat or population. It is a biological concept and is important in population ecology, differentiated from emigration and migration. The Census Bureau bases its decision about whom to count on the concept of usual residence. Usual residence, a principle established by the Census Act of 1790, is defined as the place a person lives and sleeps most of the time. The Census Bureau uses special procedures to ensure that those without conventional housing are counted; however, data from these operations are not considered as accurate as data obtained from traditional procedures.[3] The practice of including non-citizens in the official census figures is controversial because the census is used for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, commonly referred to as the "House," is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, the upper house being the United States Senate, and derived from that, of electors to the Electoral College The Electoral College consists of the popularly elected representatives who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States. Since 1964, there have been 538 electors in each presidential election. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution specifies how many electors each state is entitled to have and that each state'. The Census also employs the practice of hot deck imputation In statistics, imputation is the substitution of some value for a missing data point or a missing component of a data point. Once all missing values have been imputed, the dataset can then be analysed using standard techniques for complete data. The analysis should ideally take into account that there is a greater degree of uncertainty than if the to assign data to housing units where occupation status is unknown. This practice has effects across many areas, but is seen by some as controversial because it may increase representation for reliably Democratic The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's modern liberal platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. It is one of the world's oldest political parties and boasts the lengthiest record of continuous operation in the United districts. However, the practice was ruled constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States, and leads the federal judiciary. It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the Senate. Once appointed, Justices effectively in Utah v. Evans Utah v. Evans, 536 U.S. 452 , was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the use of certain statistical techniques in the census. Groups like the Prison Policy Initiative assert that the census practice of counting prisoners as residents of prisons, not their pre-incarceration addresses, leads to misleading information about racial demographics and population numbers.[4] Certain American citizens living overseas are specifically excluded from being counted in the census even though they may vote. Only Americans living abroad who are "Federal employees (military and civilian) and their dependents living overseas with them" are counted. "Private U.S. citizens living abroad who are not affiliated with the Federal government (either as employees or their dependents) will not be included in the overseas counts. These overseas counts are used solely for reapportioning seats in the U. S. House of Representatives." [5]

Contents

History

Censuses had been taken prior to the Constitution's ratification; in the early 1600s, a census was taken in Virginia The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Land from displaced Native American tribes and slave labor each played significant roles in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was, and people were counted in nearly all of the British colonies that became the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language.

Through the years, the country's needs and interests became more complex. This meant that statistics were needed to help people understand what was happening and have a basis for planning. The content of the decennial census changed accordingly. In 1810, the first inquiry on manufactures, quantity and value of products occurred; in 1840, inquiries on fisheries were added; and in 1850, the census included inquiries on social issues, such as taxation, churches, pauperism, and crime. The censuses also spread geographically, to new states and territories added to the Union, as well as to other areas under U.S. sovereignty or jurisdiction. There were so many more inquiries of all kinds in the census of 1880 that almost a full decade was needed to publish all the results. In response to this, the census was mechanised in 1890, with tabulating machines The tabulating machine was an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. It spawned a larger class of devices known as unit record equipment and the data processing industry made by Herman Hollerith Herman Hollerith was a German-American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the company that became IBM. This reduced the processing time to two and a half years.[6]

For the first six censuses (1790-1840) enumerators recorded only the names of the heads of household and a general demographic accounting of the remaining members of the household. Beginning in 1850, all members of the household were named on the census. The first slave schedules were also completed in 1850, with the second (and last) in 1860. Censuses of the late 19th century also included agricultural and industrial schedules to gauge the productivity of the nation's economy. Mortality schedules (taken between 1850 and 1880) captured a snapshot of life spans and causes of death throughout the country.

The first nine censuses (1790-1870) were not managed by the Executive branch The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States of America with the governments of the individual U.S. states. For official purposes in U.S. courts, the government is sued as the United States of America, and is referred to, but by the Judicial branch The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States of America with the governments of the individual U.S. states. For official purposes in U.S. courts, the government is sued as the United States of America, and is referred to. The United States federal court districts assigned U.S. marshals, who hired assistant marshals to conduct the actual enumeration.

Num Year Date Taken Population Notes
1 1790 The United States Census of 1790 was the first Census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 2, 1790. It showed that 3,929,326 people were living in the United States of which 697,681 were slaves, and that the largest cities were New York City with 33,000 inhabitants; Philadelphia, with 28,000; Boston, with 18,000; Charleston, August 2, 1790 3,929,326
2 1800 The United States Census of 1800 was the second Census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 4, 1800 August 4, 1800 5,308,483
3 1810 The United States Census of 1810 was the third Census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 6, 1810. It showed that 7,239,881 people were living in the United States of which 1,191,362 were slaves August 6, 1810 7,239,881
4 1820 The United States Census of 1820 was the fourth Census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on August 7, 1820 The total population was determined to be 9,638,453 of which 1,538,022 were slaves. The center of population was about 120 miles west-northwest of Washington in Hardy County, Virginia (now in West Virginia) August 7, 1820 9,638,453
5 1830 The United States Census of 1830 was the fifth Census conducted in the United States. It was conducted on June 1, 1830. It determined the population of the 24 states to be 12,866,020 of which 2,009,043 were slaves. The center of population was about 170 miles west of Washington, D.C. in Grant County, Virginia June 1, 1830 12,866,020
6 1840 The United States Census of 1840 was the sixth census of the United States. Conducted by the Bureau of the Census on June 1, 1840, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 17,069,453 — an increase of 32.7 percent over the 12,866,020 persons enumerated during the 1830 Census. The total population included 2,487,355 slaves June 1, 1840 17,069,453 The census estimated the population of the United States at 17,100,000. The results were tabulated by 28 clerks in the Bureau of the Census.
7 1850 The United States Census of 1850 was the seventh census of the United States. Conducted by the Bureau of the Census on June 1, 1850, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 23,191,876 — an increase of 35.9 percent over the 17,069,453 persons enumerated during the 1840 Census. The total population included 3,204,313 June 1, 1850 23,191,876 The 1850 census was a landmark year in American census-taking. It was the first year in which the census bureau attempted to record every member of every household, including women, children and slaves. Accordingly, the first slave schedules were produced in 1850. Prior to 1850, census records had only recorded the name of the head of the household and tabulated the other household members within given age groups.
8 1860 The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321 — an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,191,875 persons enumerated during the 1850 Census. The total population included 3,953,761 slaves June 1, 1860 31,443,321 The results were tabulated by 184 clerks in the Bureau of the Census. This was the first census where the American Indians officially were counted, but only those who had 'renounced tribal rules'. The figure for the nation was 40,000.
9 1870 The United States Census of 1870 was the ninth United States Census. Conducted by the Census Bureau, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 39,818,449, an increase of 22.6 percent over the 31,443,321 persons enumerated during the 1860 Census. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker June 1, 1870 39,818,449
10 1880 The United States Census of 1880 was the tenth United States Census conducted by the Census Bureau during June 1880. It was the first time that women were permitted to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker June 1, 1880 50,189,209 This was the first census that permitted women to be enumerators.
11 1890 The Eleventh United States Census was taken June 2, 1890. Most of the 1890 census was destroyed in 1921 during a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington, D.C June 2, 1890 [n 1] 62,947,714 Because it was believed that the frontier region of the United States no longer existed, the tracking of westward migration was not tabulated in the 1890 census.[7] This trend prompted Frederick Jackson Turner Frederick Jackson Turner was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History to develop his milestone Frontier Thesis The Frontier Thesis is the conclusion put forth by Frederick Jackson Turner that the wellsprings of American exceptionalism created freedom, constantly named as civilization, "breaking the average bond of custom, offering new experiences, [and] calling out new institutions and activities." Turner first announced his thesis in a paper.

The 1890 census was the first to be compiled on a tabulating machine The tabulating machine was an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. It spawned a larger class of devices known as unit record equipment and the data processing industry, developed by Herman Hollerith Herman Hollerith was a German-American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the company that became IBM.[8] The introduction of this technology reduced the time taken to tabulate the census from seven years for the 1880 census to two and a half years for the 1890 census. The total population of 62,622,250 was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was widely believed that the "right answer" was at least 75,000,000. This census is also notable for the fact it is one of only three for which the original data is no longer available. Almost all the population schedules were destroyed following a fire in 1921.
12 1900 The twelfth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau on 1 June 1900, determined the resident population of the United States to be 76,212,168, an increase of 21.0 percent over the 62,979,766 persons enumerated during the 1890 Census June 1, 1900 76,212,168
13 1910 The Thirteenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau on April 15, 1910, determined the resident population of the United States to be 92,228,496, an increase of 21.0 percent over the 76,212,168 persons enumerated during the 1900 Census. The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation April 15, 1910 92,228,496
14 1920 The Fourteenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau one month from January 5, 1920, determined the resident population of the United States to be 106,021,537, an increase of 15.0 percent over the 92,228,496 persons enumerated during the 1910 Census January 5, 1920 106,021,537 This was the first census that recorded a population exceeding 100 million.
15 1930 The Fifteenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau one month from April 1, 1930, determined the resident population of the United States to be 122,775,046, an increase of 13.7 percent over the 106,021,537 persons enumerated during the 1920 Census. This is the most recent Census for which data has been released to the public April 1, 1930 [n 2] 122,775,046 This is the most recent Census for which data has been released to the public.
16 1940 The Sixteenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 132,164,569, an increase of 7.3 percent over the 1930 population of 123,202,624 persons. The census date was April 1, 1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest April 1, 1940 132,164,569 Because of a 72-year privacy law Title 13 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Census in the United States Code, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2012.
17 1950 The Seventeenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 150,697,361, an increase of 14.5 percent over the 131,669,275 persons enumerated during the 1940 Census April 1, 1950 150,697,361 Because of a 72-year privacy law, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2022.
18 1960 The Eighteenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 179,323,175, an increase of 18.5 percent over the 151,325,798 persons enumerated during the 1950 Census April 1, 1960 179,323,175 Because of a 72-year privacy law, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2032.
19 1970 The Nineteenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 203,302,031, an increase of 13.4 percent over the 179,323,175 persons enumerated during the 1960 Census April 1, 1970 203,302,031 Because of a 72-year privacy law, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2042.
20 1980 April 1, 1980 226,545,805 Because of a 72-year privacy law, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2052.
21 1990 April 1, 1990 248,709,873 Because of a 72-year privacy law, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2062.
22 2000 April 1, 2000 281,421,906 Because of a 72-year privacy law, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2072.
23 2010 April 1, 2010 TBD [n 3] For the first time since 1940, the 2010 Census is a short-form-only census, as the decennial long form has been replaced by the American Community Survey. Because of a 72-year privacy law, this census will be available for public inspection on April 1, 2082.
  1. ^ Taken one day late because June 1 was a Sunday.
  2. ^ In the Alaska Territory, census-taking began on October 1, 1929.
  3. ^ The population counts will be delivered to the President of the United States within nine months of Census Day (on or before Dec. 31, 2010), as required by law. This report will show the apportionment population counts by state, and the number of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives apportioned to each state.
Census regional marketing logo in Minnesota.

Respondent confidentiality

The principal purpose of the census is to divide the house seats by population. In addition, collected data is used in aggregate for statistical purposes.[9] Replies are obtained from individuals and establishments only to enable the compilation of such general statistics. The confidentiality of these replies is very important. By law, no one — neither the census takers nor any other Census Bureau employee — is permitted to reveal identifiable information about any person, household, or business. Without such protections, those living illegally in the United States or hiding from the government would be deterred from submitting census data.

Historical FBI use of data

Under the Roosevelt administration the FBI, using primarily census records, compiled (1939–1941) the Custodial Detention Index ("CDI") on citizens, enemy aliens, and foreign nationals, who might be dangerous. The Second War Powers Act of 1941 repealed the legal protection of confidential census data, which was not restored until 1947. This information facilitated the internment of Japanese-Americans, following the Japanese attack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and the internment of Italian- and German-Americans following the United States's entry into World War II.[10][11]

In 1980, 4 FBI agents went to the Census Bureau's Colorado Springs office with warrants to seize Census documents, but were forced to leave with nothing. Courts upheld that no agency, including the FBI, has access to Census data. [12]

Data analysis

The census records and data specific to individual respondents are not available to the public until 72 years after a given census was taken, but aggregate statistical data derived from the census are released as soon as they are available. Every census up to and including 1930 is currently available to the public and can be viewed on microfilm released by the National Archives and Records Administration, the official keeper of archived federal census records. Complete online census records can be accessed for no cost from National Archives facilities and many libraries[13] and a growing portion of the census is freely available from non-commercial online sources.[14][15][16]

Census microdata for research purposes are available for censuses from 1850 forward through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), and scanned copies of each of the decennial census questionnaires are available online from many websites. Computerized aggregate data describing the characteristics of small geographic areas for the entire period from 1790 to 2000 are available from the National Historical Geographic Information System.

Regions and divisions

US Census Bureau Population Regions

The bureau recognizes four census regions, within the United States and further organizes them into nine divisions. These regions are groupings of states that subdivide the United States for the presentation of data. They should not be construed as necessarily being thus grouped owing to any geographical, historical, or cultural bonds.

US Census Regions
Region 1: Northeast Region 2: Midwest Region 3: South Region 4: West

Quantitative state rankings

In the last decade, the Census Bureau has begun to rank the states of the Union in qualitative terms based on their quantitative figures, so that people could more easily understand the changing dynamics of the country. The goal of this effort was to stir up national pride and understanding along with governmental participation at the state and federal level.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Constitution of the United States, Article 1, Section 2: "The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct."
  2. ^ a b "Decennial Census". American FactFinder. http://factfinder.census.gov/jsp/saff/SAFFInfo.jsp?_pageId=sp4_decennial&_submenuId=. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
  3. ^ Smith, Annetta; Smith, Denise (2001). U.S Census Bureau Census Special Reports Series CENSR/01-2. US GPO.
  4. ^ The Problem. Prisoners of the Census (2005-09-26). Retrieved on 2010-03-24.
  5. ^ https://ask.census.gov/cgi-bin/askcensus.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=7389
  6. ^ Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, "Computer a History of the Information Machine - Second Edition", Westview Press, pages 14-19 2004
  7. ^ Porter, Robert; Gannett, Henry; Hunt, William (1895). "Progress of the Nation", in "Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1". Bureau of the Census. pp. xviii-xxxiv.
  8. ^ Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940. US GPO.
  9. ^ "What is the purpose of the Census? What is the data used for?". http://www.thisnation.com/question/022.html.
  10. ^ Minkel, JR (2007-03-30). "Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II". Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=A4F4DED6-E7F2-99DF-32E46B0AC1FDE0FE&sc=I100322. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  11. ^ El Nasser, Haya (2007-03-30). "Papers show Census role in WWII camps". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-30-census-role_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  12. ^ Boyle, Mary (March 24, 2000). "Springs once tested Census' confidentiality". The Gazette (Colorado Springs). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20000324/ai_n9965696/.
  13. ^ National Archives and Records Administration. "How can I search the Census Records?". http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/research.html. Retrieved December 13 2008.
  14. ^ http://pilot.familysearch.org/recordsearch
  15. ^ Census Project (USGenWeb) - Home Page Welcome. Usgwcensus.org. Retrieved on 2010-03-24.
  16. ^ The USGenWeb Census Project. Us-census.org (2000-05-23). Retrieved on 2010-03-24.

Further reading

External links

United States Censuses (Census Bureau)
1790 • 1800 • 1810 • 1820 • 1830 • 1840 • 1850 • 1860 • 1870 • 1880 • 1890 • 1900 • 1910 • 1920 • 1930 • 1940 • 1950 • 1960 • 1970 • 1980 • 1990 • 2000 • 2010
Social surveys
Types of surveys Census · Hypothesis testing · Market research · Opinion poll
Acquiring information Sampling · Questionnaire · Interview (Structured, Semi-structured and Unstructured)
Interpreting information Level of measurement · Statistics · Variable
Notable examples Gallup poll · General Social Survey · International Social Survey · United Kingdom Census · United States Census · National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Category · Project

Categories: Decennial federal censuses of the United States | Recurring events established in 1790 | Censuses in the United States | United States Census Bureau

 

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Increases in the size of the . United States. ' population mean the labor force should have expanded by around 3.5 million workers during the 30 months between the start of the recession and last month. Instead, it has lost 128000 people. ... Daryl Montgomery submits: According to the May monthly employment report, 431000 jobs were created last month. Unfortunately, almost all of these jobs were temporary . Census. positions. Private sector hiring was dead in the water. ...

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Q. I received a US census questionnaire and do not want to fill it out because of all the personal information they want to know about you and your family. I believe it's my right to not have to give this information to a 3rd party. It's both a pain and time consuming. What happens if you refuse to fill it out? Thanks!
Asked by TheSilent Partner - Sun Dec 24 11:51:12 2006 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments

A. You are required by law to fill out a return. You can be fined for not completing the information. That said, this is not a census year, so you can't have received a valid census form; this is most likely some form of scam. The next national census is in 2010
Answered by Terry - Sun Dec 24 18:00:55 2006

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